LITERATURE SOCIOLOGY

LITERATURE SOCIOLOGY


Sociology of literature or sosiokritik regarded as a new discipline. As a stand-alone discipline, the sociology of literature is considered a new birth of the 18th century, marked by the writing Madame de Stael (Albrecht, et al, eds, 1970: ix; Laurenson and Swingewood ,1972:25-27), entitled De la litteraturre dans cinsideree ses rapports avec les institutions sociales (1800). However, the new textbook first published in 1970, entitled The Sociology of Art and Literature: a reader, compiled by Milton C. Albrecht, et al. There are three most important indicators in relation to the birth of a new discipline, including: a) the presence of a number of interesting new problems and need to be solved, b) the relevant methods and theories to solve them, and c) the existence of institutional recognition. The first indicator that indicates the occurrence of violent social change, particularly in relation to the widespread cultural attitudes. The second indicator implies the desire of scientists to find new ways, while rejecting the old ways that are considered outdated. The third indicator implies the participation of academic groups, particularly the role of formal institutions, both in relation to the curriculum and the provision of supporting facilities and human resources.
Sociology of literature has grown tremendously since the studies by utilizing the theory of structuralism is considered on the decline, stagnation, and even regarded as involution. The analysis ignores the relevance of structuralism is considered justrumerupakan community origins. Fueled by the realization that literature should be housed together with aspects of other cultures, so the only way is to restore literature to the midst of society, understood as an integral part of the overall communications system. There are several things to consider why literature has close links with the community and thus should be examined in relation to society, as follows:
1. literary works written by the author, told by a storyteller, copied by a scribe, while the third subject was a member of the community
2. literary life in the community, absorbing aspects of life that happens in society, which in turn enabled by the community.
3. medioum literature, both oral and written, borrowed through community competence, which in itself already contains social problems
4. different from science, religion, customs, and traditions of others, in works of literature contained aesthetics, ethics, and even logic. Society is very interested in the three aspects.
5. together with communities, work of literature is the essence of intersubjectivity, the community found itself in the image of a work.

The author of nearly half a century, since the dominance sterukturalisme omitted, in sociological analysis reconsidered As with the subject, the collective subject. Both in the old society maup0un modern society, the author includes an elite group, as an upper middle class. In the old society, as a poet, the author considered to have special skills in accumulating social phenomena. The court granted the trust the author to describe the greatness of the kingdom with various problematikannya. In modern society was the author get respectable position. An author, misalnyatidak must obtain academic degrees, a sign that the world of authorship is considered parallel to the CIR, the academic characteristics. In order to improve the quality of Indonesian literary world of authors who clearly needed to have both these features, authors and academics autodidak.
Pengaranglah, through the ability to dig intersubjektivitasnya public wealth, memasukakkannya into the literature, the reader oelh enjoyed kemusian. The wealth of literature is different, first, depending on the ability of the author in describing the results of his experience. Second, a much more important, as explained by the theory of reception, is the ability of the reader in understanding a work of literature. In general, successful writers who are social observers because they are able to combine the facts that exist in society with fictional characters. In another sentence, the author is an important indicator of diversity in disseminating cultural elements, as well as the development of literary tradition.
Literary relationship with the community, both as a negation and innovation, as well as affirmation, clearly an essential relationship. Literature has an important task, both in his attempt to become the pioneer renewal, as well as giving recognition to a social phenomenon. However, in Indonesia, the relationship is often considered to be ambiguous, and even denied. In turn, works of literature are considered role in improving the quality of life. There are still many people who measure the benefits of literary works on the basis of practical aspects. Works of literature as mere fantasy, for instance, still color the community assessment throughout the centuries, the negative assessment is continuously carrying out literature real life.
The function of language as a literary language obviously brings its own characteristics. That is, the language of literature is the everyday language itself, the words with sendirnya contained in the dictionary, its development followed the development of society in general. There are no special literary language, that there is a compiled language with special meaning makana display certain. Basically tradisilah, such as genre, period, leather books, authors, and publishers who make the work as literature. With no attention to the extrinsic aspects of it, the poetry of Amir Hamzah, Chairil Anwar, so juaga short stories and novels, essays can be read as a social science. Only a small portion of keseluruhanciri literary properties which were really typical of literature, such as the use arkhais words in poetry, style, and the use of words that typically is generally categorized as licentia poetica.
Associated with the language as a tool, then the most important social characteristics contained in the language. During the development of Indonesian literary history, since Malays Chinese literature, Balai Pustaka, and so on, obviously used various different languages. In terms of the content of any literature clearly shows the social problems which vary according to the period, semestaan, and other social contexts. In general, this second feature looks through painting figures, events, and background stories. According to Culler (1977:189), a painting by certain words will mengahasilkan particular world, 'woeds' will mengahsilkan 'world', as the world in words. The world is clearly intended for the social world inhabited by individuals with their respective karakteriktisnya. Conditioned society that features the characters.
Among the major genres of literature, ie poetry, prose, and drama, genre prosalah, especially the novel, which is considered the most dominant in the display-unsursosial elements. The reason that dikamukakan, including: a) clear the novel elements of the most complete story, has the most extensive media, presenting social problems are also the most widespread, b) the language of the novel tends to be the everyday language, the most common language used in the community. Therefore, it is said that the novel is the genre's most sociological and responsive because it is very sensitive to fluctuations sosiohistoris. Therefore, precisely, according to Hauser (1985:92) is more obvious literary work in representing the characteristics of his day, such as age Siti Nurbaya to indicate a certain period which is still dominated by the forced marriage.
Associated with the vision of modern literature, the death of the old literary authors like other social sciences, does not belong to the author. Literature as a result of imagination which is the origin of literature is always excluded and shunned from the public relevance. Romatik century has instilled an understanding of literature as a result of the maximum capacity the author in the process of creating a self-carrying literature as a metanarrative, as a purely imaginary subjects. Instead, by bringing works of literature as the quality of anonymity, then literature is the social system itself is full of character and incident that was adopted through the public wealth. With the death of the author of this singular and plural author was born, the authors contained in the works, as the author implicitly. The author is the narrator's delivery agency, the subject which will bear transindividual marginal strength. According to Barthes (1977:143) person the author has been replaced by the language.